Viola odorata L.
(Sweet Violet)

Interactions where Viola odorata is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season	Summary
(live)		live is parasitised by pycnium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust				pycnium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet		live						pycnium parasitises live
leaf vein (live)		live leaf vein is galled by spore mass			Urocystis violae	Violet Smut	Urocystidales: Urocystidaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Urocystidales/Urocystidaceae/Urocystis violae/	Urocystis violae	violet smut				spore mass	Foodplant / gall		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet		live	leaf vein				(11-7)	spore mass causes gall of live leaf vein
leaf		leaf is foodplant of larva			Ametastegia pallipes	a sawfly	Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae	Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b), Benson, R.B., 1952	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Tenthredinidae/Ametastegia pallipes/	Ametastegia pallipes	a sawfly				larva	Foodplant / feeds on			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet			leaf					larva feeds on leaf
leaf (fading)		fading leaf is spotted by mostly epiphyllous, numerous, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph			Phyllosticta violae	a coelomycete	Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Botryosphaeriales/Phyllostictaceae/Phyllosticta violae/	Phyllosticta violae	a coelomycete		mostly epiphyllous, numerous, immersed	pycnidium	Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet		fading	leaf		Major		(6-8)	mostly epiphyllous, numerous, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on fading leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is spotted by mostly epiphyllous, numerous, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph			Phyllosticta violae	a coelomycete	Botryosphaeriales: Phyllostictaceae	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Botryosphaeriales/Phyllostictaceae/Phyllosticta violae/	Phyllosticta violae	a coelomycete		mostly epiphyllous, numerous, immersed	pycnidium	Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet		live	leaf		Major		(6-8)	mostly epiphyllous, numerous, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is spotted by amphigenous, punctiform to dense, greyish white, rarely tinged reddish or reddish brown with age caespituli of Ramularia anamorph			Ramularia lactea	an anamorphic fungus	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II, Braun, U., 1998 Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Ramularia lactea/	Ramularia lactea	an anamorphic fungus		amphigenous, punctiform to dense, greyish white, rarely tinged reddish or reddish brown with age	caespituli	Ramularia anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet		live	leaf				(9-10)	amphigenous, punctiform to dense, greyish white, rarely tinged reddish or reddish brown with age caespituli of Ramularia anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf has leaves shot holed by gregarious, immersed pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph			Ascochyta violae	a coelomycete	Pleosporales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Ascochyta violae/	Ascochyta violae	a coelomycete		gregarious, immersed	pycnidium	Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / shot hole causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet		live	leaf				(5-9)	gregarious, immersed pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph causes shot holes on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is spotted by gregarious, immersed pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph			Ascochyta violae	a coelomycete	Pleosporales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Ascochyta violae/	Ascochyta violae	a coelomycete		gregarious, immersed	pycnidium	Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet		live	leaf				(5-9)	gregarious, immersed pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is galled by hypophyllous telium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust		hypophyllous		telium	Foodplant / gall			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet		live	leaf					hypophyllous telium causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is galled by aecium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust				aecium	Foodplant / gall			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet		live	leaf					aecium causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is parasitised by amphigenous uredium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust		amphigenous		uredium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet		live	leaf					amphigenous uredium parasitises live leaf
petiole (live)		live petiole is galled by aecium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust				aecium	Foodplant / gall			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet		live	petiole					aecium causes gall of live petiole
petiole (live)		live petiole is galled by spore mass			Urocystis violae	Violet Smut	Urocystidales: Urocystidaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Urocystidales/Urocystidaceae/Urocystis violae/	Urocystis violae	violet smut				spore mass	Foodplant / gall		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet		live	petiole				(11-7)	spore mass causes gall of live petiole
rootstock (upper parts) (live)		live rootstock (upper parts) is galled by spore mass			Urocystis violae	Violet Smut	Urocystidales: Urocystidaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Urocystidales/Urocystidaceae/Urocystis violae/	Urocystis violae	violet smut				spore mass	Foodplant / gall		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet		live	rootstock (upper parts)				(11-7)	spore mass causes gall of live rootstock (upper parts)
stem (live)		live stem is galled by aecium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust				aecium	Foodplant / gall			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola odorata/	Viola odorata	sweet violet		live	stem					aecium causes gall of live stem

Author & Year	Title	Source
Benson, R.B., 1952	Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol VI, Part 2(b), 137pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Braun, U., 1998	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II	Phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 2, 493pp, IHW-Verlag
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants	Collins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	Fungi of the South East England	383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Grove, W.B., 1935	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia	Vol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota	517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls	95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)

Viola odorata (Sweet Violet) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Viola
(violets, pansies)

EU-DICOTS
(dicotyledonous flowering plants)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Herbaceous Plants
(herbaceous plants)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Species	Viola odorata (Sweet Violet)
Genus	Viola (violets, pansies)
Family	VIOLACEAE (violets, pansies)
Order	MALPIGHIALES (poplars, willows, St John’s worts, spurges and violets)
Subclass	EU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
Class	MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Phylum	TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
Kingdom	PLANTAE (plants)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Viola odorata is also a member of:
Herbaceous Plants - herbaceous plants (via Violaceae)

NBN

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Viola odorata (Sweet Violet)

Viola odorata (Sweet Violet) may be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

Viola
(violets, pansies)

VIOLACEAE
(violets, pansies)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

General Works

Author	Year	Title	Source
Britton, C.E.	1904	Floral variations among Surrey violets	Journal of Botany 42: 140-148.
Valentine, D.H.		Geographical distribution and isolation in some British ecospecies	Dandy, J.E. The Watsonian vice-county system, 9pp, The Study of the Distribution of British Plants

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to Viola odorata (Sweet Violet):

Viola
(violets, pansies)

VIOLACEAE
(violets, pansies)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

BioImages

BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 28 images of Viola odorata (Sweet Violet)

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