Pulvinaria regalis Canard, 1968
(Horse-chestnut Scale)

Interactions where Pulvinaria regalis is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season
		sucks sap of live branch			Cornus	dogwoods	Cornales: Cornaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Cornales/Cornaceae/Cornus/	Cornus	dogwoods		live	branch		Major
		sucks sap of live trunk			Tilia	limes	Malvales: Malvaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malvales/Malvaceae/Tilia/	Tilia	limes		live	trunk		Major
		sucks sap of live branch			Tilia	limes	Malvales: Malvaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malvales/Malvaceae/Tilia/	Tilia	limes		live	branch		Major
		sucks sap of live trunk			Ulmus	elms	Rosales: Ulmaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Ulmaceae/Ulmus/	Ulmus	elms		live	trunk		Major
		sucks sap of live branch			Ulmus	elms	Rosales: Ulmaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Rosales/Ulmaceae/Ulmus/	Ulmus	elms		live	branch		Major
		sucks sap of live branch			Skimmia japonica	Skimmia	Sapindales: Rutaceae	Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Rutaceae/Skimmia japonica/	Skimmia japonica	skimmia		live	branch		Major
		sucks sap of live trunk			Acer	maples	Sapindales: Sapindaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Acer/	Acer	maples		live	trunk		Major
		sucks sap of live branch			Acer	maples	Sapindales: Sapindaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Acer/	Acer	maples		live	branch		Major
		sucks sap of live trunk			Acer pseudoplatanus	Sycamore, Great Maple	Sapindales: Sapindaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Acer pseudoplatanus/	Acer pseudoplatanus	sycamore, great maple		live	trunk
		sucks sap of live branch			Acer pseudoplatanus	Sycamore, Great Maple	Sapindales: Sapindaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Acer pseudoplatanus/	Acer pseudoplatanus	sycamore, great maple		live	branch
		sucks sap of live trunk			Aesculus	horse chestnuts	Sapindales: Sapindaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus/	Aesculus	horse chestnuts		live	trunk		Major
		sucks sap of live branch			Aesculus	horse chestnuts	Sapindales: Sapindaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Sapindales/Sapindaceae/Aesculus/	Aesculus	horse chestnuts		live	branch		Major
		sucks sap of live trunk			Laurus nobilis	Bay, Bay Laurel	Laurales: Lauraceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Laurales/Lauraceae/Laurus nobilis/	Laurus nobilis	bay, bay laurel		live	trunk		Major
		sucks sap of live branch			Laurus nobilis	Bay, Bay Laurel	Laurales: Lauraceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain, Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Laurales/Lauraceae/Laurus nobilis/	Laurus nobilis	bay, bay laurel		live	branch		Major
		sucks sap of live trunk			Magnolia	magnolias	Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Magnoliales/Magnoliaceae/Magnolia/	Magnolia	magnolias		live	trunk
		sucks sap of live branch			Magnolia	magnolias	Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccidae/Pulvinaria regalis/	Pulvinaria regalis	horse-chestnut scale					Foodplant / sap sucker			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Magnoliales/Magnoliaceae/Magnolia/	Magnolia	magnolias		live	branch

Author & Year	Title	Source
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants	Collins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Salisbury, A. & Malumphy, C., 2017	Changes in status and distribution of Hydrangea Scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Britain	Br. J. Ent. Nat. Hist. Vol 30: 145-153.

Pulvinaria regalis (Horse-chestnut Scale) may also be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

INSECTA
(true insects)

Pulvinaria regalis (Horse-chestnut Scale) may be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

COCCOIDEA
(scale insects, coccids)

HEMIPTERA
(bugs)

INSECTA
(true insects)

HEXAPODA
(insects and other 6-legged organisms)

ARTHROPODA
(arthropods)

ANIMALIA
(animals)

Invertebrates
(Invertebrates)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Species	Pulvinaria regalis (Horse-chestnut Scale)
Genus	Pulvinaria (a genus of scale insects)
Family	COCCIDAE (soft scales)
Superfamily	COCCOIDEA (scale insects, coccids)
Suborder	STERNORRHYNCHA (a suborder of bugs)
Order	HEMIPTERA (bugs)
Division	Exopterygota (earwigs, grasshoppers, stoneflies, true bugs, and other insects with wings developing externally)
Infraclass	Neoptera (bees, beetles, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other advanced insects)
Subclass	PTERYGOTA (bees, beetles, dragonflies, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other winged insects)
Class	INSECTA (true insects)
Subphylum	HEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms)
Phylum	ARTHROPODA (arthropods)
Superphylum	ECDYSOZOA (skin shedders)
Clade	Bilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals)
Subkingdom	EUMETAZOA (metazoans)
Kingdom	ANIMALIA (animals)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Pulvinaria regalis is also a member of:
Invertebrates - Invertebrates (via Arthropoda)

NBN

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Pulvinaria regalis (Horse-chestnut Scale)

Identification Works

Handling & Magnification	Author	Year	Title	Source
	Forest Research	2006	Path News Issue 13: October 2006

Pulvinaria regalis (Horse-chestnut Scale) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

Pulvinaria
(a genus of scale insects)

COCCIDAE
(soft scales)

COCCOIDEA
(scale insects, coccids)

HEMIPTERA
(bugs)

INSECTA
(true insects)

HEXAPODA
(insects and other 6-legged organisms)

ARTHROPODA
(arthropods)

ANIMALIA
(animals)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may be relevant to Pulvinaria regalis (Horse-chestnut Scale):

Pulvinaria
(a genus of scale insects)

COCCIDAE
(soft scales)

COCCOIDEA
(scale insects, coccids)

STERNORRHYNCHA
(a suborder of bugs)

HEMIPTERA
(bugs)

PTERYGOTA
(bees, beetles, dragonflies, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other winged insects)

INSECTA
(true insects)

HEXAPODA
(insects and other 6-legged organisms)

ARTHROPODA
(arthropods)

EUMETAZOA
(metazoans)

ANIMALIA
(animals)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Invertebrates
(Invertebrates)

BioImages

BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 12 images of Pulvinaria regalis (Horse-chestnut Scale)

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