Melampsoridium betulinum (Pers.) Kleb.
(Birch Rust)

Interactions where Melampsoridium betulinum is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season
telium (hypophyllous, subepidermal)		hypophyllous, subepidermal telium parasitises live leaf			Alnus cordata	Italian Alder	Fagales: Betulaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		hypophyllous, subepidermal		telium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Alnus cordata/	Alnus cordata	Italian alder		live	leaf		Xenophagous
uredium (hypophyllous)		hypophyllous uredium parasitises live leaf			Alnus cordata	Italian Alder	Fagales: Betulaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		hypophyllous		uredium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Alnus cordata/	Alnus cordata	Italian alder		live	leaf		Xenophagous		(8-10)
telium (hypophyllous, subepidermal)		hypophyllous, subepidermal telium parasitises live leaf			Alnus glutinosa	Alder	Fagales: Betulaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		hypophyllous, subepidermal		telium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Alnus glutinosa/	Alnus glutinosa	alder		live	leaf		Xenophagous
uredium (hypophyllous)		hypophyllous uredium parasitises live leaf			Alnus glutinosa	Alder	Fagales: Betulaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		hypophyllous		uredium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Alnus glutinosa/	Alnus glutinosa	alder		live	leaf		Xenophagous		(8-10)
telium (hypophyllous, subepidermal)		hypophyllous, subepidermal telium parasitises live leaf			Alnus incana	Grey Alder	Fagales: Betulaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		hypophyllous, subepidermal		telium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Alnus incana/	Alnus incana	grey alder		live	leaf		Xenophagous
uredium (hypophyllous)		hypophyllous uredium parasitises live leaf			Alnus incana	Grey Alder	Fagales: Betulaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		hypophyllous		uredium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Alnus incana/	Alnus incana	grey alder		live	leaf		Xenophagous		(8-10)
telium (hypophyllous, subepidermal)		hypophyllous, subepidermal telium parasitises live leaf			Alnus rubra	Red Alder	Fagales: Betulaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		hypophyllous, subepidermal		telium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Alnus rubra/	Alnus rubra	red alder		live	leaf		Xenophagous
uredium (hypophyllous)		hypophyllous uredium parasitises live leaf			Alnus rubra	Red Alder	Fagales: Betulaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		hypophyllous		uredium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Alnus rubra/	Alnus rubra	red alder		live	leaf		Xenophagous		(8-10)
telium (hypophyllous, subepidermal)		hypophyllous, subepidermal telium parasitises live leaf of esp. young trees			Betula	birches	Fagales: Betulaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		hypophyllous, subepidermal		telium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Betula/	Betula	birches		live	leaf	esp. young trees	Major
uredium (hypophyllous)		hypophyllous uredium parasitises live leaf of esp. young trees			Betula	birches	Fagales: Betulaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		hypophyllous		uredium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Betula/	Betula	birches		live	leaf	esp. young trees	Major		(8-10)
telium (hypophyllous)		hypophyllous telium parasitises live leaf of esp. young trees			Betula pendula	Silver Birch	Fagales: Betulaceae	Differentiating characteristics between Melampsoridium rusts infecting birch and alder leaves, Kurkela, T., Hanso, M & Hantula, J., 1999	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		hypophyllous		telium	Foodplant / parasite		Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Betula pendula/	Betula pendula	silver birch		live	leaf	esp. young trees			(8-10)
uredium (hypophyllous)		hypophyllous uredium parasitises live leaf of esp. young trees			Betula pendula	Silver Birch	Fagales: Betulaceae	Differentiating characteristics between Melampsoridium rusts infecting birch and alder leaves, Kurkela, T., Hanso, M & Hantula, J., 1999	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		hypophyllous		uredium	Foodplant / parasite		Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Betula pendula/	Betula pendula	silver birch		live	leaf	esp. young trees			(8-10)
telium (hypophyllous)		hypophyllous telium parasitises live leaf of esp. young trees			Betula pubescens	Downy Birch	Fagales: Betulaceae	Differentiating characteristics between Melampsoridium rusts infecting birch and alder leaves, Kurkela, T., Hanso, M & Hantula, J., 1999	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		hypophyllous		telium	Foodplant / parasite		Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Betula pubescens/	Betula pubescens	downy birch		live	leaf	esp. young trees			(8-10)
uredium (hypophyllous)		hypophyllous uredium parasitises live leaf of esp. young trees			Betula pubescens	Downy Birch	Fagales: Betulaceae	Differentiating characteristics between Melampsoridium rusts infecting birch and alder leaves, Kurkela, T., Hanso, M & Hantula, J., 1999	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		hypophyllous		uredium	Foodplant / parasite		Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fagales/Betulaceae/Betula pubescens/	Betula pubescens	downy birch		live	leaf	esp. young trees			(8-10)
aecium (in rows)		in rows aecium parasitises live leaf (beside midrib)			Larix	larches	Pinales: Pinaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust		in rows		aecium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Pinopsida/Pinales/Pinaceae/Larix/	Larix	larches		live	leaf (beside midrib)
pycnium		pycnium parasitises live			Larix	larches	Pinales: Pinaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust				pycnium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Pinopsida/Pinales/Pinaceae/Larix/	Larix	larches		live

Interactions where Melampsoridium betulinum is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season	Summary
		is grazed by larva			Mycodiplosis coniophaga	a gall midge	Diptera: Cecidomyiidae	Revision in Mitteleuropa vorkommender mycophager Gallmucken der Mycodiplosis-gruppe (Diptera, Cecidomiidae) unter Berucksichtigung ihrer Wirtspezifitat, Holz, B., 1970	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Cecidomyiidae/Mycodiplosis coniophaga/	Mycodiplosis coniophaga	a gall midge				larva	Fungus / external feeder		Foreign	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust								larva grazes on
		is grazed by larva			Mycodiplosis melampsorae	(A Rust Midge)	Diptera: Cecidomyiidae	Revision in Mitteleuropa vorkommender mycophager Gallmucken der Mycodiplosis-gruppe (Diptera, Cecidomiidae) unter Berucksichtigung ihrer Wirtspezifitat, Holz, B., 1970	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Cecidomyiidae/Mycodiplosis melampsorae/	Mycodiplosis melampsorae	(a rust midge)				larva	Fungus / external feeder		Foreign	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust								larva grazes on
uredium		uredium is parasitised by colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph			Ramularia uredinis	(An Anamorphic Fungus)	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II, Braun, U., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Ramularia uredinis/	Ramularia uredinis	(an anamorphic fungus)			colony	Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph	Fungus / parasite		Foreign	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniastraceae/Melampsoridium betulinum/	Melampsoridium betulinum	birch rust			uredium					colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph parasitises uredium

Author & Year	Title	Source
Braun, U., 1998	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II	Phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 2, 493pp, IHW-Verlag
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Holz, B., 1970	Revision in Mitteleuropa vorkommender mycophager Gallmucken der Mycodiplosis-gruppe (Diptera, Cecidomiidae) unter Berucksichtigung ihrer Wirtspezifitat
Kurkela, T., Hanso, M & Hantula, J., 1999	Differentiating characteristics between Melampsoridium rusts infecting birch and alder leaves	Mycologia Vol 91 (6): 987-922.
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota	517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Melampsoridium betulinum (Birch Rust) may also be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Melampsoridium betulinum (Birch Rust) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

PUCCINIALES
(rust fungi)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Species	Melampsoridium betulinum (Birch Rust)
Family	PUCCINIASTRACEAE (a family of rust fungi)
Order	PUCCINIALES (rust fungi)
Class	PUCCINIOMYCETES (rust fungi etc)
Subphylum	PUCCINIOMYCOTINA (rust fungi etc)
Phylum	BASIDIOMYCOTA (spore droppers, basidiomycetes)
Kingdom	FUNGI (true fungi)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Melampsoridium betulinum is also a member of:
Micromycetes - microfungi (via Pucciniomycetes)
Fungi s.l. - fungi (in the broad sense) (via Fungi)
Lower Plants - lower plants (via Fungi s.l.)

NBN

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Melampsoridium betulinum (Birch Rust)

Identification Works

Handling & Magnification	Author	Year	Title	Source
	Kurkela, T., Hanso, M & Hantula, J.	1999	Differentiating characteristics between Melampsoridium rusts infecting birch and alder leaves	Mycologia Vol 91 (6): 987-922.

Melampsoridium betulinum (Birch Rust) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

PUCCINIALES
(rust fungi)

PUCCINIOMYCETES
(rust fungi etc)

BASIDIOMYCOTA
(spore droppers, basidiomycetes)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

General Works

Author	Year	Title	Source
Forest Research	2004	Path News Issue 7: April 2004

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to Melampsoridium betulinum (Birch Rust):

PUCCINIALES
(rust fungi)

PUCCINIOMYCETES
(rust fungi etc)

BASIDIOMYCOTA
(spore droppers, basidiomycetes)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

BioImages

BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 11 images of Melampsoridium betulinum (Birch Rust)

Widespread and common, but may include records of Melampsoridium hiratsukanum on Alder.

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