Discusses fungi that rarely fruit, eg Rubinoboletus rubinus and long term persistence of non-mycorrhizal and especially mycorrhizal clones where DNA sampling of the vegetative mycorrhiza shows it to be dominated by species other than those recorded fruiting.

Readers are warned to look out for Paxillus ammoniavirescens which resembles the common P. involutus, but the cap goes fleetingly green with dilute ammonia. Known from Britain, but it is uncertain if it really justifies recognition as a distinct species.

Amanita ceciliae had a good year (colour photograph)